“Valera had fallen back from his squadron and was cutting the wires of another rider’s lamp.” So begins Rachel Kushner’s 2013 novel The Flamethrowers. This first line follows a sentence-like title for the first chapter: “He killed him with a motorbike headlamp (what he had in his hand).” Preceding this is a dedication and a page displaying the Latin phrase: Fac ut Ardeat. This epigram is quite important to the process of making meaning of the story. It translates to English variously as “make my heart burn,” or “blaze it,” as in, set it on fire. The New York Times listed The Flamethrowers as one of the top ten books for 2013, and it was a finalist for the National Book Award the same year. Flamethrowers is a complex novel. The first thing I’d like to consider has to do with readers’ expectations as they approach the story. One important aspect of this is how did the reader learn of the book and become motivated to read it? I had seen advertising for Flamethrowers—just the cover image, rather striking, of a young white woman with blond bangs and what appears to be streaks of white paint below her eyes. Her mouth is covered by—apparently—a cross formed by two strips of white tape with the words, A NOVEL written on them. Interestingly, at the end of the Scribner’s paperback edition, Rachel Kushner includes an afterword chapter entitled A Portfolio Curated by Rachel Kushner. In it, she describes several photographs, including the cover image. Authors often don’t get to choose what images are displayed on the covers of their books, so this is of note. She says that the photo hung above her writing desk and provided inspiration. “I didn’t think much about the tape over her mouth (which is actually Band-Aids over the photograph, and not over her lips themselves).” She calls this, “a creature of language, silenced.” It would seem that the publisher added the words, A NOVEL. In the acknowledgments section, the image is credited as coming from the March 1980 issue of I Volsci, a newspaper of the Autonomia Operaia group—an automotive group that connects with the story. The author is a woman—has a woman’s name. The extensive advertising text talks about how the novel is a new offering by the author who had previously written a notable book. The text on the back cover states that, “The Flamethrowers is an intensely engaging exploration of the mystique of the feminine, the fake, the terrorist.” This was not written by Ms. Kushner, and we shall see if it proves an apt description of her novel. We shall see. I didn’t really have any particularly heavy thoughts about all this but remembered the book when a friend mentioned that he was reading the book and enjoying it. Fate nudging me? Perhaps. (Thanks, Bill). Now, some readers might come to this book because they read reviews of it and liked what they read. And there were a number of reviews; in fact, they contained a notable controversy. The New Yorker's James Wood praised the book as "scintillatingly alive" and commented that it "[succeeded] because it is so full of vibrantly different stories and histories, all of them particular, all of them brilliantly alive." The Guardian commented upon the book and its polarized reviews, remarking that while some reviewers such as Wood and novelist Jonathan Franzen have been vocal in their praise, other reviewers such as Adam Kirsch commented that the book was "macho," which explained "why it has been received so enthusiastically by the critics." However, Kirsch's overall review also contained praise: he wrote that Kushner had "a real gift for grasping the prose-poetry of ideologies." The New York Review of Books published a predominantly negative review by Frederick Seidel, which criticized elements of the book as unconvincing. The review remarked that the book was "tiresome, histrionic, hysterically overwritten" and was "desperate to show how brilliant it is". The review provoked a response from the Huffington Post's Nicholas Miriello, who published it through the Los Angeles Review of Books. Miriello remarked that Seidel's review was more interested in Seidel than the book itself and that it was "gallingly condescending" and "often inadequate." The New Republic in turn commented upon Miriello's response, suggesting that Seidel's opinions might have been more based upon differences in cultures between New York and the west coast. ‘Kay. A cynical individual might conclude that the book’s publishers were probably delighted with all the publicity. And it undoubtedly drew readers’ attention. An interesting digression here concerns the fact that Flamethrowers was written by a woman, Rachel Kushner. Her photo is on the back cover, and she clearly identifies as female. We can see from the above that some reviewers (Seidel) characterize Flamethrowers as being histrionic and hysterical, appellations often used to criticize women for being too emotional. And there is Kirsch’s comment that the book is macho—as if it tries too hard to be masculine—although I don’t think he meant this negatively. I have encountered other humans who assert they will only read books written by women, and I’m sure there are some who will only read those by men. As we read, are we aware of the author’s gender? More so at first, I think. And do women write in a different way than men? That is, does gender shape the way humans express themselves? Whoa, weighty question, my friends. (answer, please). I believe an author’s gender creates certain expectations in a reader—assuming one knows it before beginning a book. This relates very much to one’s own prejudices and to culture. Regarding Flamethrowers, I do not read it with much awareness that it was written by a woman. I do not believe there is a female or male style of writing, only the infinite variation of individuals. I do think an individual who is female, writing in our time and culture, will be influenced by her gender, her experience of being a woman. In any case, there is no statistical evidence for bias against female authors by readers of any gender. However, it should be said that publishers favor male authors and charge more money for their books. Female authors are often associated with the Romance genre—centered on a love affair, happy ending, a lessor development of character and story. Novels that are less sophisticated in their use of time and perspective. They sell. Why are female authors associated with this genre? My opinion—sheer marketing. That’s it. Publishers think women are more romantic. (You don’t send me flowers). Could a potential reader study a copy of Flamethrowers and conclude it is a romance novel? Probably not, best B. As noted above, it begins with an epigram in Latin, and the story itself begins with a murder, a rather brutal one. The reader who gets beyond this first chapter will discover the second chapter is set in a different time with a different character with no obvious connection to the first. And there’s that cover. Not very romantic, my friend. Literary, you say? Yup. We find ourselves in the deep forest of gender, no? Till next time. #TheFlamethrowers #RachelKushner #AlanBray

In Amongst Women, John McGahern—like any writer—tells the story using a particular narrational style. Let’s consider the opening paragraph: “As he weakened, Moran became afraid of his daughters. This once powerful man was so implanted in their lives that they had never really left Great Meadow, in spite of jobs and marriages and children of their own in Dublin and London. Now they could not let him slip away.” Who is the subject thinking this and then writing it? Well, it’s someone who not only has intimate knowledge of Michael Moran but also of his daughters. ‘Kay, let’s work with this. First, it’s not quoted speech—there are no quotation marks. If there were, would Michael Moran say such a thing? “As I weakened, I became afraid of my daughters.” Probably not, although he might think it in a deeply personal, perhaps pre-conscious way. He might have a vague sense of fear that his daughters plan to limit his freedom, but it would be unusual to think such a thing, let alone say it. If it’s not Moran, then it’s someone saying this about him, someone who knows him well and who can make meaning of his behavior. And since this is a book and the first sentence, it’s someone who is introducing the protagonist to the reader. There is no sense that it’s another character who is saying this—it’s not, “Rose thought, as Moran weakened, he became afraid of his daughters.” And there’s a judgement expressed. Whoever says this judges that Moran is weakening, and that he is afraid. The same goes for the rest of the paragraph. What’s described—that his daughters are so implanted in his life that they never really leave their childhood home—is exactly what Moran is shown as wanting. However, this desire—that his children not leave him—is never expressed directly in the story; it’s implied. McGahern does a nice job of portraying Moran as a complex man who does not only do bad things. It would be out of character for Moran to be shown as directly scheming to sabotage his daughters’ independence for selfish reasons. (‘Kay, he comes pretty close). And the daughters would be unlikely to render such a judgment on themselves. No, it seems to be some omniscient entity who is showing the story of these people along with an assessment of their behavior. Another example: (Nell Morahan helps Moran’s younger son, Michael, escape Moran’s wrath, and they spend the night together.) “All through the night they made love. The anxiety of his years soon gave way to tenderness and great gratitude. Each time that she thought that he was slipping into sleep he would come into her again. She received him as if he were both man and child, his slenderness cancelled by strength, his unsureness by pride; and she took him too each time as if she were saying a slow and careful farewell to a youth she herself had to work too hard ever to have had when she was young. Not until morning did they fall into a sleep of pure exhaustion and as soon as she woke she roused him and drove him to the part of the city where his sisters lived.” Beautiful writing, no? Would Nell—a relatively uneducated woman—think these things? No. Would Michael? No, he wouldn’t know Nell’s inner experience. This is the narrator describing that experience in poetic terms, something that occurs routinely in the book. So, we have the perspective of the narrator superseding the viewpoint character, in this case, Nell. The narrator does not necessarily agree with the characters’ perceptions; it shows them as sometimes accurate and sometimes fallible. And of course, the narrator is only a creature of the implied author. Heh, heh, heh. (Oh, no! Not this again, lots of people don't even believe in implied authors. But you just go on and on, blandly bringing "them" up). 'Kay. So, is this creature one of those omniscient narrators? Prrhaps, best B. “An omniscient narrator is all-seeing and all-knowing. While the narration occurs outside of any one character, the narrator may occasionally access the consciousness of a few or many different characters. “Some writers use this perspective to create a more “godlike” or deliberately “authorial” persona that allows them to comment on the action with the benefit of distance. This might take the form of sweeping descriptions of setting that help to establish the mood or atmosphere of a scene, or philosophical digressions that serve to develop ideas that only tangentially relate to the action of the story.” Yeah, I think we can say this style is present in Amongst Women. But the story does have a different feel than those classic eighteenth and nineteenth century novels that were grandly omniscient, often utilizing a narrator who was an actual realized character. (Moby Dick—Call me Ishmael, anyone?). Or at least a “we.” (The Red and the Black, Thomas Hardy’s work, Tolstoy). “We’ve” established that the narrator of Amongst Women is unnamed and infallible. In fact, it’s so unnamed that it has no pronoun. No “we” or “I.” (Yes, this blog makes use of a personified narrator, an “I,” a “we,” sometimes even named as Mr. Al, or Mr. Pretentious Bully. But, you say, this blog is not fiction. Oh, I forgot). I think the best technical definition of what’s going on in Amongst Women is that the narration is “third person limited omniscient.” This mouthful means it gets into the heads of some—not all—of the characters, and it maintains distance from the main characters by offering judgements of them. Telescopic, perhaps. Well. I think this concludes “our” discussion of this magical book. Next week, a new one—assuming the “old maestro” is sufficiently recovered from the Thanksgiving feast. Till then. #AmongstWomen #JohnMcGahern #AlanBray

Who am I? That’s a question that self-reflective people ask themselves again and again as they move through life. The answer is more than a name; it is a persona that includes personality traits, abilities, physical attributes, interests, and social roles. I am the author of this blog. I am tall, interested in writing and reading. I am a husband, a father, a dog owner. (a bully). If fiction desires to appear realistic, characters should be shown as having an identity, no? An interesting facet of Amongst Women is Moran’s search for (or perhaps rejection of) his identity, although the character is, it’s fair to say, not someone who would experience themselves as having an identity crisis. A good chunk of his identity consists in finding disappointment in who or whatever he tries to be. We know he had a successful career as a soldier, that he was good at it, but that he had a falling out with his superiors that led to his retirement. He discusses this in a conversation with his daughter, Sheila: “’They say you should have gone to the very top in the army but you were stopped. McQuaid always said they set out to stop you,’ Sheila said with borrowed vehemence. ‘I was stopped all right but it wasn’t as simple as poor McQuaid made out. In an army in peace time you have to arselick and know the right people if you want to get on. I was never any good at getting on with people.’” (Maybe that's his identity—not getting along with people. He doesn't want to be proud of this though). Too many voices in this blog. Moran refuses to speak of his military exploits and treats that part of his life (and identity) as done. Probably because he’s bitter about being passed over for promotion, he rejects his identity as a soldier and war hero. We know that his first marriage produced five children and that his wife died when the children were all under the age of ten. So we can infer that being a husband and father was and is an important part of his identity, as is being religious. In fact, his daily leading of his family in prayer has a ritualistic feel, as if this enactment is necessary to hold everyone together. It establishes and affirms his identity as leader of the family. But his family does not cohere in the way Moran wants. The reader perceives that the children will grow up and move away, establishing their own families; Moran perceives this as well, but to him this is a failure on his part, one he rationalizes by blaming the children for disloyalty. Another part of Moran’s identity is as a farmer and landowner. It is said he purchased his farm, Great Meadow, with the money he received on leaving the military. He labors long and hard on the land and expects his family to join in the work. However, once again this becomes a disappointment to him when he senses that, after his death, his children will not be interested in continuing his legacy. “Who cares?” he often says. This seems to be partly a heartfelt cry of despair that his achievements have been done in vain, and also an attempt to garner sympathy and compliance from his children. So, Moran had an identity as a soldier and rejected it. He has an identity as a father and husband but interprets success in this realm in terms of control and terror. He believes he’s a good father if his children obey him without question, and they won’t. And he has an identity as a farmer but feels his death will render this meaningless. In fact, he believes his death will render everything he’s done meaningless. If he’s not around to lead it, his family and his land will disintegrate. The end of the story shows his error in fearing this, that he has indelibly stamped his family with himself and that his influence, good and bad, will persist. After Moran’s funeral—death—perhaps his greatest fear: “But as the small tight group of stricken women slowly left the graveyard they seemed with every step to be gaining in strength. It was as if their first love and allegiance had been pledged uncompromisingly to this one house and man and that they knew that he had always been at the very living centre of all parts of their lives. Now not only had they never broken that pledge but they were renewing it for a second time with this other woman (Rose) who had come in among them and married him. Their continual homecomings had been an affirmation of its unbroken presence, and now, as they left him under the yew, it was as if each one of them in their different ways had become Daddy.” As a character, Moran is defined by angry rejection and dissatisfaction. Any pleasure he takes must be denigrated and fouled in an orgy of brooding. Pride is not allowed. In our post-Freudian world, we can speculate that this harshness toward himself has its roots in a harsh childhood, but the book does not indulge our curiosity on this count. The question of why Moran is the way he is remains open to the reader to answer. We know next to nothing about his upbringing but can imagine Moran had a very harsh inner critic who always judged his efforts as lacking. A tragic figure who causes much suffering. It was that old savant John Locke who identified self with memory and argued that identity extends to anything of a person’s past that he or she can remember. We are what we were. Perhaps it is again worth noting that there are significant parallels between Moran’s fictitious family and John McGahern’s real one, between Michael Moran himself and McGahern’s own father, who was a cold and brutal policeman. An important part of Amongst Women is that Moran is shown to be in error about who he is and his legacy, and this is accomplished by the narrational style which has an unnamed narrator telling the story and showing how Moran is mistaken about many things. This narrator is infallible; Moran is not. Till next time, my friends. #AmongstWomen #JohnMcGahern #AlanBray

Immediately after the section in Amongst Women that depicts the last meeting between Moran and McQuaid, there is a paragraph break. Then the reader is treated to fourteen pages of gorgeous lyrical writing telling the story of how Moran got together with Rose Brady. “Rose Brady had come home from Glasgow to nurse her father and stayed on irresolutely after his death, one day stretching into another…Sometimes she had too strong of a sense of being locked into the life of the farmhouse, even with the door open on the summer yard, her brother away in the fields, her mother stumbling about the place with buckets, leaning on the table or the back of a chair whenever she stood to talk. One evening, as an excuse to get out of the house, she went with a letter to the post office.” Lyrical writing is song-like, poetic, evocative. It does not collapse under an overabundance of metaphor and simile but has enough of these devices to distinguish it from more journalistic prose. In the above example, the first sentence describes why Rose in in Ireland, where she came from, what she’s doing. However, the next sentence expands in a lyrical bloom. It describes her feelings about staying at her widowed mother’s farmhouse but doesn’t say “The everyday routines of her family made her feel confined.” Instead, it talks about her being “locked into the life of the farmhouse—even with the door open. About her brother’s absence, her mother stumbling with buckets. She feels confined by life and wants to escape. This is quite important as it leads her to Moran. Moran represents escape. It is at the post office, that she encounters Michael Moran, of whom it is said she knew by sight but had never spoken to before. “He had been a widower for many years, she knew…She found him attentive, intelligent, even charming, but with a distinct sense of separateness and pride that she found refreshingly unlike any other other local men she had known.” “She was in her late thirties, lean and strong, too neat and plain of feature ever to have been beautiful but her large grey eyes were intelligent and full of wilfulness and energy. As soon as she got home she couldn’t resist bringing up Moran’s name…She saw her mother look at her sharply. ‘They say he’s one sort of person when he’s out in the open among people—he can be very sweet—but that he’s a different sort of person altogether behind the walls of his own house.’” Heedless, Rose returns to the post office each night, “each time managing to leave the post office alone with Moran…She was able to conceal her restlessness, the pacing about, the dream of a different beginning to a new life, her impatience with the old shapes that she had used for too long; she was not young and was old enough to perceive failure…she could not stay away from the post office…” The townsfolk, even Rose’s mother, become sarcastic and insulting about Rose’s efforts, criticizing her for being too pushy. Moran himself is ambivalent. “Rose Brady’s attention had been as unexpected as it had been sudden and welcome. It was as if she had fallen out of a generous sky. She was much younger than he, strong, not unpleasant to look at. He had reason to suspect that she had saved money and his life could glow again in the concentration of her attention. It was unlikely that such luck would fall his way again no matter how long he waited.” Moran tells his daughters he’s considering re-marriage. He calls on Rose, meets her family, and as he’s leaving, kisses her. (The old dog). He introduces Rose to his family. They plan to marry. “Rose wished that they could be married quickly but now that there was nothing in the way of it Moran grew cautious and evasive. She saw the way it was and moved differently.” Rose invites Moran and his family to her mother’s house and charms the Moran children. Soon after, she and Moran marry. Rose is, I believe a central figure in Amongst Women, equally so with Michael Moran, the obvious protagonist. We will get into the issue of how the narrational style of the story facilitates this—later. For now, I want to say I believe Rose is the redeemer of the Moran family, absorbing and re-directing much of Moran’s anger and meanness. She is “the good mother” who interprets and explains Moran’s misbehavior to his children. For better or for worse, she is “Daddy’s” apologist. And she devotes herself to taking care of all of them, including Moran—who is not exactly husband-of-the-year material. “Then one evening as she was tidying up the room he said as quietly as if he were taking rifle aim, ‘There’s no need for you to go turning the whole place upside down. We managed well enough before you ever came round the place.’ She did not try to answer or to turn it aside. It was again as if she had been struck…Then with the same shocking slowness, without a word, without looking at anyone, she went to the door, opened it and let it close softly behind her. There was complete silence.” Moran finally finds her in their darkened bedroom. “Are you awake at all there Rose?” “I’m awake,’ she said in a voice strained with hurt. ‘I’ll have to go away from here.’ ‘I never heard such nonsense,’ he blustered…’God, O God. Has everything to be taken like this? I never meant anything like that…I thought we’d finished with that forever’…He had been checked.” There is a pattern of Moran behaving badly and Rose showing how he’s hurt her, which leads to Moran apologizing with less and less reluctance. Gradually, he’s “tamed.” What is Rose’s motivation for this self-lessness? It’s not directly explained. It can be inferred that she is anxious to marry Moran, not so much because of who he is or because of any great love, but more because she does not wish to be an unmarried, aging woman who never experienced marriage and family. And I suppose it can also be inferred that she is invested in maintaining this marriage and family—almost at all costs. And Moran needs Rose. He seems to sense that, alone, he would not be a successful human. As his oldest son says late in the story, Moran needs to be among women (another meaning of the title). Men are threats—unless they aren’t, like Sheila’s husband, Sean, and then Moran can be affable in a controlling way. He cannot abide men who are like him—strong-willed, controlling. Most of all his eldest son, Luke. ‘Kay. It’s time to wrap up today’s post. Till next time, my friends. #AmongstWomen #JohnMcGahern #AlanBray

Last week, we started thinking about the structure of Amongst Women—the way it establishes a present time at the beginning when Michael Moran’s daughters have returned to the family home to break him out of a decline. “You’ll have to shape up, Daddy. You can’t go on like this. You’re giving us no help. We can’t get you better on our own.” Then the story moves back in time. From the present, which I believe occurs around 1960, it goes back to the last time Jimmy McQuaid came to visit Moran on Monaghan’s Day, this being the family event the daughters revive to help their father. This time is shortly before Moran marries Rose, apparently some ten years earlier from the book’s start. Some writers might employ a change of verb tenses and/or a new chapter to indicate this shift. McGahern uses a paragraph break and then the new section begins with the unnamed narrator’s voice: “The attempt to revive Monaghan Day was a gesture as weak as a couple who marry in order to retrieve a lost relationship, the mind having changed the hard actual fact into what was comfortable to feel.” “On the last Monaghan Day that McQuaid came to the house Moran was on edge…” So, no shift in verb tense to mark the movement into the past. There’s a summary of the previous section’s meaning, and then the shift is marked by naming the particular time and the event—the last Monaghan Day that McQuaid came to the house. This also serves to show a significant plot point—that the event of McQuaid’s visiting Moran every Monaghan’s Day came to an end. Jimmy McQuaid was Moran’s comrade in the Irish military fighting for Irish independence from the British. He has become a prosperous farmer—more prosperous than Moran and is Moran’s oldest friend. Every year, the fellas get together and reminisce. Moran serves McQuaid a bottle of whisky but does not drink himself, stating it doesn’t agree with him anymore. On this last time, they talk about an incident from the war when they attacked a British Army meeting and killed several high-ranking officers. McQuaid praises Moran’s leadership but the mood changes. Moran objects to McQuaid’s comments against the Catholic Church, and the men become sullen and silent. “…And there might never be another world.” McQuaid could not resist this hit at Moran’s religiosity.…”God stays out of it.” The reasons for the old friends arguing aren’t entirely clear—perhaps they dislike the men they’ve become. There may be some jealousy over McQuaid’s prosperity. Perhaps Moran has never been as good of a friend as McQuaid wanted. “Moran was too complicated to let anyone know what he thought of anything.” The tradition has been that McQuaid would spend the night but on this final evening, he announces he plans to go home. Moran remains by himself. “As soon as Moran saw McQuaid on his feet again he knew the evening, all the evenings, were about to be broken up and he withdrew back into himself. He would neither plead with him to stay nor help him with his leaving.” “In a cold fury he stood and sat about for a long time within…After years he had lost his oldest and best friend but in a way he had always despised friendship; families were what mattered, more particularly that larger version of himself—his family, and while seated in the same scheming fury he saw each individual member gradually slipping away out of his reach. Yes, they would eventually all go. He would be alone. That he could not stand. He saw with bitter lucidity that he would marry Rose Brady now. As with so many things, no sooner had he taken the idea to himself than he began to resent it passionately.” This passage shows several things: Moran denies he feels any regret over the quarrel with McQuaid. He shifts off this quickly and broods in a deeply angry way about his family, which he tells himself is the most important thing in his life but one which will abandon him. And it shows how Moran is an unhappy man who can only briefly feel happiness but then must denigrate and deny it. ‘Kay. Enough there, my friends. Next time, we’ll continue with the story of Moran and Rose’s coming together. A little romance, eh? Till then. #AmongstWomen #JohnMcGahern #AlanBray

This week, a new story, best beloved, Irishman John McGahern’s 1990 novel, Amongst Women. Great choice! Yay! Thank you. John McGahern is one of my favorite writers— Probably why you picked him. —and Amongst Women was the novel that brought him international acclaim. Short listed for the Booker Prize in 1990, it is the story of a large middle-class family in Ireland, the Morans, a family with an ageing and troubled patriarch, Michael, who was a soldier in Ireland’s Civil War in the 1920’s, the war that led to independence from Britain. The present of the story is in the 1960s. I believe some of John McGahern’s short stories approach the sublime—witness The Wine Breath, and Amongst Women is a fine addition to his oeuvre. His what? He writes about Ireland, about families, often about a particular family situation that he himself experienced, and which appears in Amongst Women: After the death of his wife, a father raises many children. He is cold and distant, controlling and abusive. After the children reach adolescence, the father remarries, and eventually, the now adult children must deal with his decline and death, just as he must deal with their ascendence and his mortality. It would seem that Mr. McGahern, who died in 2016, had some personal issues he was trying to work out in his writing, as this situation appears again and again. Art imitates life, as it were. I think this phenomenon is common for writers, but it is unusually clear in McGahern’s work. The title interacts with the story in several ways. Moran lives among women—his wife and daughters—as his sons shun him. However, the title also references the traditional Catholic prayer, the Hail Mary, which contains the line, "blessed art thou amongst women". HAIL MARY, full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. This prayer is significant as Michael Moran leads the family every day in its recitation, and this recitation serves as a motif throughout the novel. Another reading would be that whereas in his military days, Moran was among men, now, at the end of his life, he is among women. The novel’s structure has a present which is not so much centered on particular moments in time but is more of a period of time, as revealed in the very first line—"as he weakened.” It’s not exactly imperfect time, meaning a time that re-occurs, but is not at all a discrete series of moments either. The present of the book is the time of Moran’s decline. It is contrasted with several moves back in time which contextualize what is happening with Moran and his family. It begins: “As he weakened, Moran became afraid of his daughters. This once powerful man was so implanted in their lives that they had never really left Great Meadow, in spite of jobs and marriages and children and houses of their own in Dublin and London. Now they could not let him slip away.” This memorable first paragraph not only outlines the story, but it also introduces the mysterious narrator. Who, you might ask, is speaking? The first sentence could be from Moran’s perspective; however, the rest of the paragraph could not be. The whole thing seems to be written by some other entity who is telling the story—the storyteller, if you will. (We will!) More on this, but the paragraph also raises several questions: Not only who is Moran and who are his daughters, but also why did he become afraid? And why would his daughters not let him slip away? The story provides the answers. The first section has to do with Moran’s three adult daughters returning to his house, the house they grew up in, in order to, on the face of it, revive Monaghan Day. Monaghan Day—Manchán's Fair Day—was a medieval celebration occurring on February 25. Its significance to the daughters is that it was the day each year that Moran’s old army comrade McQuaid would come by, and the two men would reminisce over their glory days fighting the British. After a falling out with Moran, McQuaid has died, but the daughters hope that having a celebration on this day again will spark some life into their declining father. “If we could revive Monaghan’s Day for Daddy it could help to start him back to himself. Monaghan Day meant the world to him once.” Moran is reluctant: “’What’s that got to do with anything?’ Just as he resented gifts he resented any dredging up of the past. He demanded that the continuing present he felt his life to be should not be shadowed or challenged…He went silent and dark and withdrew into himself, the two thumbs rotating around one another as he sat in the car chair by the fire. A quick glance between Rose (his wife) and the girls was enough…They began to busy themselves cheerfully with preparations for the meal, one or other of them constantly trying to engage Moran with this small thing or that, until he was drawn by their uncanny tact into the general cheerfulness.” Moran joins in the celebration, brightening as he talks “openly about the war for the first time in their lives.” “Then in a sudden flash that he was sometimes capable of, he acknowledged his daughters’ continuing goodwill and love, love that usually he seemed inherently unable to return. ‘Tonight we offer up this Holy Rosary for the repose of the soul of James McQuaid.’” However, the next morning, he frightens everyone by shooting a bird from his front window—a disturbing reminder of his violent past. The end of this first section contains an important foreshadowing. Moran’s wife, Rose, secretly buys a “brown Franciscan habit” and hides it from Moran. This will be his death shroud. ‘Kay, let’s continue next time. Till then. #AmongstWomen #JohnMcGahern #AlanBray

On the surface, Sun would seem to be about male bonding promoted by such activities as bullfighting, fishing, and heavy drinking. Brett Ashely, a woman, is able to join in these activities because she does not behave like a conventional woman of her time (I think that’s fair to say). She cross dresses, is promiscuous, and is a heavy drinker. And she’s a card-carrying member of the lost generation. Oh, but she doesn’t fish. Actually, in a realist sense, I’m not sure she is all that atypical. People of both (all) genders have been heavy drinkers and promiscuous, and the “flapper” fashion styles for women of the 1920s featured short “bobbed” hair like Brett is described as having, as well as clothing appropriated from men. However, Sun makes a point of showing Brett to be a different “kind of woman.” There are two other somewhat developed female characters in Sun. Robert Cohn’s wife, Frances, is depicted in a negative light by Jake, who finds her grasping and controlling. Georgette, the prostitute Jake picks up and who accompanies him to the dance hall where he sees Brett, is perhaps more sympathetically portrayed, but still one-dimensional. Early on, she disappears from the book’s view—as does Frances. Lady Brett Ashley remains as the central female character. We know that Hemingway often wrote negatively about women (witness Frances), and had deep resentments against his own mother, who dressed him like a girl when he was a child. The character of Brett might seem to be an expression of this hostility. She certainly can be seen as a destructive force in the novel, making the fellas miserable. However, a closer reading reveals her to be a much more complex and troubled character—created by Hemingway. We get some snippets about her from other characters’ reported dialogue. Mike and Roy Gorton tell Jake and the reader, that she was a nurse in WWI (lost generation candidate), that her true love died of diphtheria, and that she married Lord Ashley, a nutcase who suffered from PTSD and often threatened to murder her with a “loaded revolver.” She left him, but he apparently continues to provide her with an allowance, and so she remains dependent on an unstable person—as she does with Jake. It should be stressed that outside of these snippets, what we learn about Brett is filtered through Jake Barnes’ perspective, and Jake has strong feelings about Brett—at least, as strong as his feelings ever get. He claims to love her, is certainly attracted to her. He calls her “damned good looking,” although he says the same about Pedro Romero. The evidence for him caring about her is that he acts protectively, particularly at the end when he responds immediately to her plea for help in Madrid. Let’s just say he is not an objective reporter about Brett. He is, however, dependent on her and she dependent on him. They may be the only couple in the novel who are truly in love (what is love?) but cannot be together because of Jake’s nasty war wound. Even though Jake does not have a sexual relationship with Brett, he is probably the man most used by her as well as the one who suffers the most since his feelings towards her are true. He blames his miserableness on Brett, showing her in a bad light: “To hell with Brett. To hell with you, Lady Ashley.” Jake claims that Brett is the source of his unhappiness, whereas it is actually his wound which is his major problem. Hemingway’s style, the iceberg theory, prevents the reader from seeing “the submerged facets of her character.” (I think it’s more intentional, that Jake does this on purpose because of his ambivalent feelings about her). Brett comes more into focus over the course of the book. As we’ve noted, she first appears in the third chapter in a one-dimensional way but at the end of that chapter, finally alone with Jake, she says, “Oh darling, I’ve been so miserable.” In the next chapter, the scene continues: “Brett’s hat was off. Her head was back. I saw her face in the light from the open shops, then it was dark, then I saw her face clearly as we came out on the Avenue des Gobelins.” I quote this passage because I think it’s a quite brilliant way to show how Jake (the narrator) finds Brett hard to understand from moment to moment. Things continue: “And there’s not a damned things we could do,” I (Jake) said. (This is apparently a reference to Jake’s inability to have sexual intercourse due to his war wound.) “I don’t know,” she said. “I don’t want to go through that hell again.” “We’d better keep away from each other.” “But, darling, I have to see you. It isn’t all that you know.” “No, but it always gets to be.” “That’s my fault. Don’t we pay for all the things we do, though?” A curious exchange, no? I believe it refers to Jake and Brett’s history when they tried to be lovers and failed. Also, Brett says she has to see Jake, she needs him for reasons he doesn’t know about. He is bitter (I think) stating that her problems are his fault (because he’s unable to have sex). She counters by saying rather dramatically (well, it is drama, after all), that we pay (a price) for all that we do. This scene reveals a lot about Brett and catapults her well past the other female characters in terms of depth. Yet, the iceberg method demands that the text not elaborate. It is open and subject to the reader’s interpretation. Let’s see, what can we make of this? Do Jake and Brett have a history together? Yup. Have they tried and failed to be lovers? Yup. Is Brett unhappy and seeing Jake as a safe person to be with? Yup. At least, these are all my interpretations. Again, Hemingway shows his genius in the way he reveals so much in a brief scene consisting of (mostly) dialogue. These kind of exchanges continue right to the final page. Again and again, Brett is shown to be not a self-involved kook, but a very troubled person who acts out her problems and relies on Jake to help. She, like Jake, is a member of the lost generation, best beloved. Once the concealed aspects are revealed (by the reader), Brett emerges as a fully developed character engaged, like Jake, in learning how to live in a world where the rules have changed. And this is the world of the lost generation, those survivors who cope with loss by avoiding commitment and numbing themselves with alcohol. But, as I’ve said, despite Hemingway’s avowed wish to show these folks as being able to change and have more meaningful lives, Jake and Brett remain miserable and self-destructive wretches. ‘Kay. Maybe the book should have been entitled The Sun Doesn’t Rise. It is about the destructive effects of war on human lives. This is deservingly regarded as a great novel, and it rewards close reading. But I think the clock on the clubhouse wall says it’s time to move on next week to a new one. Till then. #TheSunAlsoRises #ErnestHemingway #AlanBray

Of all the male characters in The Sun Also Rises, Robert Cohn is conspicuous for having not fought in WW1, and so, is not technically a member of the “lost generation.” He is a successful writer, trained as a boxer, and Jewish, which, as mentioned, is made a big deal of in the story. Robert Cohn is mentioned straight off in the book’s opening: “Robert Cohn was once middle-weight boxing campion of Princeton. Do not think that I am very much impressed by that as a boxing title, but it meant a lot to Cohn…Robert Cohn was a member, through his father, of one of the richest Jewish families in New York, and through his mother of one of the oldest.” In fact, the first twenty-one pages of Sun concern Robert Cohn, seen through the eyes of Jake Barnes. Robert is a successful novelist, Jake is not. Robert is independently wealthy, Jake is not. Robert is popular with the ladies, and Jake has that nasty war wound that leaves him unable to have sex. Robert is mentioned continuously throughout the book, up to the point near the end when he leaves town. Now, the discerning reader might wonder: if this book is about Jake Barnes and the lost generation, then why the heck does it devote so much space to a different character who did not fight in WW1?. It seems to be all about how Jake knows a lot about Robert’s life and resents him. Hmmm. Is the story about Jake’s (ahem) envy? At no place in Sun, does Jake say he’s jealous of Robert. He says a lot about how he doesn’t like him. But given the iceberg theory of there being a huge amount going on beneath the story’s surface, let’s consider my idea that for Jake, Robert is a kind of symbol of all Jake wants to be but isn’t. As things develop, we learn about that human racing yacht, Brett Ashley, and the love between she and Jake. Robert seems smitten with Brett, and then we learn that the two of them went off to San Sebastian and lived together as lovers. Here, this is revealed as Brett and Jake discuss the upcoming trip to Pamplona. “Brett looked up at me. ‘I say,’ she said. ‘Is Robert Cohn going on this trip?’ ‘Yes, why?’ ‘Don’t you think it will be a bit rough on him?’ ‘Why should it?’ “Who do you think I went down to San Sebastian with?’ ‘Kay. So that rascal Brett is now with Mike whom she plans to marry and claims to love Jake. She’s concerned that Robert Cohn will be jealous—he is. So is Jake, I think, although in true iceberg style, he doesn’t let on. Robert Cohn joins the group as they go to Spain, mopes around staring at Brett and sighing in puppy-dog fashion. Mike and Jake are both cruel to him. He beats both of them up. Brett becomes smitten with Pedro Romero, the young bullfighter, and seduces him. Mike and Jake deal with this by staying drunk most of the time. Robert Cohn on the other hand, bursts into Pedro and Brett’s bedroom and beats the tar out of Pedro and tells Brett he still loves her. When Brett tells him to get lost, he does, tearfully. The conversation between Jake and Brett at the end of the novel seems, on the surface, to be about Brett’s affair with Pedro Romero. However, careful reading shows it may be equally about Brett’s affair with Robert Cohn. The context is that Jake has arrived at the Hotel Montana in Madrid after receiving a telegram from Brett saying she needed his help. Jake says: “You ought to feel set up.” (In the vernacular of the times, I believe this means, feeling good that Brett is free of Romero). “I do. I’m all right again. He’s wiped out that damned Cohn.” “Good.” “You know I’d have lived with him if I hadn’t seen it was bad for him. We got along damned well.” “Outside of your personal appearance.” “Oh, he’d have gotten used to that.” She put out the cigarette. “I’m thirty-four, you know. I’m not going to be one of those bitches that ruins children.” “Good.” She looked away. I thought she was looking for another cigarette. Then I saw she was crying… “Don’t let’s ever talk about it. Please don’t lets ever talk about it.” They leave the hotel together and drink heavily. Jake becomes very drunk, and the book ends with his saying that the idea of he and Brett being a couple was “a pretty idea,” the implication being that it’s never going to happen. So, Brett says that Romero has “wiped out” the memory of her affair with Robert Cohn. Hmmm. That’s kind of an acknowledgement that it was significant, no? Jake grunts a monosyllabic “Good.” Then Brett says, apparently referring to Romero, that she’d have lived with him. “We got along damned well.” But it’s really unclear whether she’s referring to Romero or Cohn. Jake mentions Brett’s personal appearance, a reference to Romero wanting her to have longer hair. In other words, Jake tries to clearly establish they are talking about Romero, not Cohn. Then, Brett says that she had no intention of “ruining children.” Now, Pedro Romero has no children, Robert Cohn has three. It could be that she’s saying Romero wanted children and that she’d make a poor mother, but it’s ambiguous. Then she starts crying and says she doesn’t want them to talk anymore about it. And Jake is only too happy to go along with not talking about “it.” He gets supremely drunk. My theory is that Jake, lacking a penis, knows Robert Cohn was attracted to Brett and maybe she to him and was jealous. He was stunned when he learns that Brett and Robert have been living together. And then Robert refuses to “play by the rules.” He pursues Brett to Pamplona and confronts her, only leaving when she clearly rejects him. But then Jake is called in to bail Brett out of trouble and must endure Brett’s talking ambiguously about her affair with Robert. Jake reacts by getting snookered. He doesn’t want to face the truth. Brett, the woman he claims to love, was involved with the guy he’s been jealous of for months, the guy who seems to have all he lacks. Robert is a somewhat one-dimensional character who acts as a symbol of what Jake desires. And at the end, Jake remains unchanged. He’s unable to commit to anything and is an alcoholic, drowning his troubles. If the question posed by Sun is can Jake transform into a better person, the answer is no. The iceberg style, which cuts a lot away, creates both an openness in the text that invites the reader’s participation as well as complex, multi-layered scenes. In the above example, we have Brett and Jake talking about one relationship on the surface but referring to a different one without naming names. In a relatively simple passage, Hemingway shows Brett’s feelings about Pedro Romero and about Robert Cohn, and he shows that Jake is jealous of both. Next time, let’s consider the portrayal of women in Sun. ‘Kay? Till then. #TheSunAlsoRises #ErnestHemingway #AlanBray

Well. Last week’s post caused quite a stir. It did say that the characters in Sun are largely static, that Sun lacks the transformational characteristics of a novel, and that Hemingway seemed to portray the lost generation as lost, instead of redeemed, as he claimed he wanted to. There was the hate mail, of course, but most troubling was being followed by the burly bearded fellow with the large-bore hunting rifle who kept shouting that I was an illiterate scoundrel. Hemingway himself, you ask? How could that be, Hemingway died sixty-two years ago. A ghost perhaps. Re-enactor? I will press on. This week, it’s time to look at the style of Sun. Style in literature is the literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text. The Sun style, based on Hemingway’s experience as a newspaper reporter and short story writer, is to show, not tell, and to employ what he called the “iceberg” method. Let us quote him. “If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing.” We know that Hemingway knew the characters and events in Sun intimately. Most things—unlike Jake Barnes, he did have a penis). So he deliberately omitted things that he knew, leaving the reader to make sense of the text. After all, this is what any writer does, it would be impossible and tedious to attempt to describe experience moment to moment. Please remember our reference to Umberto Eco’s comment that this moment-to-moment focus characterizes pornography, not literature. But Hemingway took this “iceberg-ness” to an extreme. The first appearance of Brett is a fine example. The fellas are at a Parisian dance hall. “Hello, you chaps.” “Hello, Brett,” I said. “Why aren’t you tight?” “Never going to get tight anymore. I say, give a chap a brandy and soda.” She stood holding the glass and I saw Robert Cohn looking at her…” Now, the reader might think that Brett is not a terribly significant character. Jake Barnes is one, given his prominence in narrating the story. Robert Cohn as well, as he appears straight off in the first paragraph. But Brett—there’s been no previous mention of her. There are a number of other characters shown in the story so far, and the reader is trying to decide who is important, who is not. At this point, based on whose gotten the most attention, it would not be unreasonable to think Sun will be a story about Jake and Robert and his wife Frances. If one intuits that Brett is significant and tries to pry apart these quoted lines to make meaning of what’s being shown, there’s little help. The fact is, one must read further and struggle to make sense of the story, in order to grasp that Brett and Jake have known each other a while and are in love. Perhaps there’s a possibility that Jake is jealous of Robert Cohn’s eyeing Brett—we shall see later that this possibility is developed. But these threads are all below the surface. A different writer might do it this way: (a different style). “Hello you chaps.” Brett Ashley and I had known each other for some time, in fact she and I were in love, an unfulfilled love due to my nasty war wound that had left me unable to have sexual intercourse. “Hello Brett,” I said. “Why aren’t you tight?” Brett was a notorious alcoholic—we all were. My question to her was meant as a joke, because from her demeanor I could see that she was already drunk. I saw Robert Cohn looking at her and wanted to strangle him because I could imagine the two of them having an affair. I could imagine all kinds of things—kissing, caressing, all the sexual behavior that was denied to me because of my nasty war wound.” Or a different writer might start the novel by writing something like this: “The war left me with a nasty wound that rendered me unable to have sexual intercourse, and this led to considerable frustration between me and Lady Brett Ashley—who had more curves than a racing yacht. We were in love, but I could only love her vicariously through other men. Like Robert Cohn and that bullfighter chap.” ‘Kay, you probably get the idea. This kind of exposition would mean less work for the reader, but perhaps less satisfaction because the writer would be providing most of the answers to most of the questions. The answer to the question how much to take out is a judgement call, no? Take out too much and the reader won’t understand the story. The author-ship hits the iceberg. Ha ha! Of course, there are other aspects to Hemingway’s style, including the use of a lot of dialogue, active verbs, and short sentences. The passage below shows how he wrote many simple sentences to good effect, sentences with the same structure: subject – verb – object: “As a matter of fact, supper was a pleasant meal. Brett wore a black, sleeveless evening dress. She looked quite beautiful. Mike acted as though nothing had happened. I had to go up and bring Robert Cohn down. He was reserved and formal, and his face was still taut and sallow, but he cheered up finally. He could not stop looking at Brett…” Yes, Robert Cohn. Let’s pick this up next time and look more closely at Mr. Cohn’s role and the effect it creates. Till then. #TheSunAlsoRises #ErnestHemingway #AlanBray

Some critics say The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s best novel. The writing, the style—something we will delve into more deeply—is powerful. The prose is a joy to read. But, best beloved, is the story a novel? The definition of a novel is “a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes.” Sequential organization implies some order, and a novel’s order typically involves the transformation of major characters (protagonists) over the course of things, so that at the beginning, the protagonist is perhaps stuck in her/his life, and over the course of three hundred or so pages, gets unstuck. Well, maestro, how about it? Do the characters in Sun transform? Don’t just ‘splain it to us, dog, Show us. Did you call me dog? Better than Tatie, I guess. Sun begins rather curiously with a story about Robert Cohn, an associate of Jake Barnes. He is a novelist, an ex-boxer. Wealthy and divorced with three children. The story is told by Jake Barnes, however, it includes, I think, information about Robert that Jake the character probably wouldn’t know—details of Robert’s sojourn at Princeton, of his two marriages. It’s a bit like gossipy newspaper reporting. As the action shifts to Paris and a scene of Robert and his second wife dining with Jake, Jake becomes more of a character. What we learn at this point is that Jake is Robert’s tennis partner, that he “rather liked Robert,” and thought that he was controlled by his wife. Jake says, “I mistrust all frank and simple people, especially when their stories hold together, and I always had a suspicion that perhaps Robert Cohn had never been a middle-weight boxing champion, and that perhaps a horse had stepped on his face, or that maybe his mother had been frightened…” Jake drinks a lot too. And he seems antisemitic, being keen on identifying Robert Cohn as Jewish, as if this explains something. To modern sensibilities, it’s jarring. Robert Cohn is shown asking Jake to go on a trip to South America with him, a trip Jake declines. Jake then picks up a prostitute and they go to a dance hall where the notorious Lady Brett Ashley appears. “Hello, you chaps.” “Brett was dammed good-looking…She was built with curves like the hull of a racing yacht, and you missed none of it with that woolen jersey.” ‘Kay, a different time, but I think it’s easy to see why Hemingway might not only be accused of antisemitism but also sexism. I am an admirer of female beauty but have never compared a woman to a boat. In fact, despite having an excellent imagination, I don’t really see how a woman could be like a boat or that this could be attractive. I’m no sailor. Jake and Brett are finally alone in a taxi, and Brett says: “Oh, darling, I’ve been so miserable.” There is kissing. “Don’t you love me?” “Love you? I simply turn all to jelly when you touch me.” “Isn’t there anything we can do about it?” Well. There is minimal explanation in this scene but what the reader may infer is that Jake and Brett know each other, are in love, and that, further, Jake has a traumatic war injury that prevents him from being able to have sexual intercourse. (He has no penis). ‘Kay. What I want to convey here is that Jake and Brett are shown in the beginning of the story as being kind of drunken lost souls in Paris. Jake has this horrible condition and seems to manage it by moping and drinking. Brett is also a drunkard and, for the times, promiscuous. Both characters seem empty and try to fill that emptiness with fleeting sensation. As discussed last time, they are members of the lost generation of people after the war who cannot find meaning. So, given that, one might think—aha, surely by the end, they will both find meaning and serenity. Or, perhaps they will tragically fail and wind up worse off than ever. And either way, the journey will make a good story. After a lengthy trip to Spain during which Jake goes fishing, and Brett seduces a bullfighter (?), Jake receives a telegram from Brett asking him to go to Madrid to help her. He goes. Here are some examples of how Jake is shown at the end: “I drank a coffee and after a while Bill came over. I watched him come walking across the square. He sat down and ordered a coffee. “Well,” he said. “It’s all over.” “Yes,” I said. “When do you go?” … “Hello,” said Brett. “Is it you Jake?” “It’s me.” “Come in. Come in.” … “Darling!” Brett said. I went over to the bed and put my arms around her. She kissed me, and while she kissed me I could feel she was thinking of something else. She was trembling in my arms. She felt very small. “Darling! I’ve had such a hell of a time.” … “Brett was smoking. “You like to eat, don’t you?” she said. “Yes,” I said. “I like to do a lot of things.” “What do you like to do?” “Oh,” I said. “I like to do a lot of things. Don’t you want a dessert?” “You asked me that once,” Brett said. “Yes,” I said. “So I did. Let’s have another bottle of rioja alta.” … “Don’t get drunk, Jake,” she said. “You don’t have to.” “How do you know?” “Don’t,” she said. “You’ll be all right.” “I’m not getting drunk,” I said. “I’m just drinking a little wine. I like to drink wine.” “Don’t get drunk,” she said. “Jake, don’t get drunk.” Finally, they get a cab, intending to see Madrid. “…Brett moved close to me. We sat close against each other. I put my arm around her and she rested against me comfortably. It was very hot and bright, and the houses looked sharply white. We turned out onto the Grand Via. “Oh, Jake,” Brett said. ‘We could have had such a dammed good time together.” … “Yes,” I said. “Isn’t it pretty to think so?” That’s the last line of the novel, my friends. I’m going out on a limb here, with apologies to all, to say I don’t think the characters in Sun transform. Jake and Brett remain pretty much the same as they were at the beginning. They run away from commitment. They drink too much. Throughout much of the story, Jake pursues hyper-masculine activities like fishing and bullfighting—perhaps as a compensation for not having a penis. However, he pursues the same activities at the beginning. He’s consistent. Static. In fact, I want to say I don’t see how Sun expresses what Hemingway said it did—that the lost generation could find itself, find commitment and love. I think Jake and Brett seem pretty lost. The characters who do not seem lost, Montoya the bullfighter who is smitten with Brett, and Robert Cohn, disappear from the story. Don’t get me wrong, I believe Sun is a fine book but perhaps less a novel and more a memoir. It should be mentioned that, as noted in last week’s blog, Hemingway was harshly criticized by several associates who believed he had “stolen” parts of their lives and made them into loosely disguised characters. Duff Twysden, for instance. (a fun name to write and say. Try it). Hemingway famously dismissed these objections. But it does raise the question, is a text a novel if it is essentially a showing of real people and events that actually occurred? Or is that memoir? If a piece of cloth is colored blue but you say it’s red, what color is it? Hmmm. Next time, let’s look more closely at the book’s style. Till then. #TheSunAlsoRises #ErnestHemingway #AlanBray

“Kay, this week a new story, Ernest Hemingway’s 1926 novel, The Sun Also Rises. Whoa. Yes, best beloved, Hemingway’s first novel, highly acclaimed and in continuous print since its publication. Continuing the theme of exile, which we saw in much of Mavis Gallant’s work, Sun concerns a group of expatriates living in Paris. The narrator, a first-person narrator who is the central character in the story, is Jacob “Jake” Barnes, a guy who suffered a traumatic groin injury in World War 1, which has left him impotent (in later years, Hemingway said he thought of Jake’s injury as the amputation of his penis—ow!). Another central character is Brett, Lady Ashley, an Englishwoman whom Jake is in love with, as she is with him, although they are unable to physically consummate their desire for one another. Desire—yes, an important concept in this book. Wanting what you can’t have. We’ll be diving into desire, I promise you. The cover image above is the original cover for the first edition and emphasizes ancient Greece and sex, which gives you a sense of how the novel was marketed. Sun is a roman a clef (did he speak French to you?) meaning the characters and story are based on real people and events known by Hemingway. Roman a clef refers to a novel with a key. We’ll be talking about the story’s style, but at this point, let’s note that Hemingway was a journalist, a newspaper writer who admired tough, direct prose. After a riotous weekend spent in Spain at the bullfights, he planned to write a non-fiction book on bullfighting but decided he had enough material for a novel. It should also be noted that some of the real people the book’s characters were based on, were displeased. Donald Stewart, who appeared in the book's pages as "Bill Gorton," was astonished that Hemingway was calling the book fiction: it was, in Stewart's opinion, "nothing but a report on what happened … [it was] journalism." The character of Brett was based on the real-life Duff Twysden (?) who was reportedly aghast by her portrait. In the years that followed, she called the novel "cruel" and added that Hemingway had played a nasty trick on her and the others. In her opinion, it was nothing more than an example of "cheap reporting." For her and the other people whose lives and misfortunes had been co-opted in the book, life could now be divided into two categories: "B.S." (Before Sun.) and "A.S." (After Sun). ‘Kay. I guess they stopped exchanging holiday cards. The story begins after the title page with a dedication to Hemingway’s then ex-wife Hadley and their son John. Now, if you’ll indulge a little more gossip, during the writing of Sun, Hemingway left his wife and infant son to take up with a different gal. However, one can infer he felt some guilt over this as he insisted that Hadley receive a share of the royalties from the book and also, later, from the film version. But no, Hadley is not a character in the book, Jake, the Hemingway surrogate, is unmarried. Then we have two epigrams, the first from Gertrude Stein, “You are all a lost generation,” and the second a quotation from the book of Ecclesiastes in the Bible, concerning the circular nature of life—the sun also ariseth, the sun also goeth down—that kind of thing. Hemingway originally wanted to call the novel Fiesta but switched to The Sun Also Rises to emphasize the theme of the recovery of the so-called lost generation, something he believed in. He did not believe the “lost generation” was lost. Lost generation in this context refers to the "disoriented, wandering, directionless" spirit of many of the war's survivors in the early postwar period. Some of the idea here is that young people who survived the horrors of World War 1 were adrift, unable to recommit to “normal” life. They were writers, poets, exiles with commitment issues. The characters in Sun certainly seem to suffer from an aversion to commitment, but Hemingway believed there was a way out of this (I’m not sure he ever found it, though), that the so-called lost generation was actually resilient and strong. In his memoir of living in Paris in the 1920s, A Moveable Feast, Hemingway expands on this theme: “That’s what you are. That’s what you all are,” Miss Stein said. “All of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation.” “Really?” I said. “You are,” she insisted. “You have no respect for anything. You drink yourselves to death…” … “Have you ever seen me drunk?” “No. But your friends are drunk.” “I’ve been drunk,” I said. “But I don’t come here drunk.” “Don’t argue with me, Hemingway,” Miss Stein said. “It does no good at all…” “Later when I wrote my first novel, I tried to balance Miss Stein’s quotation…with one from Ecclesiastes. But that night walking home…I thought of Miss Stein…and egotism and mental laziness versus discipline and I thought, who is calling who a lost generation?…the hell with her lost generation talk and all the dirty, easy labels. When I got home and into the courtyard and upstairs and saw my wife and my son and his cat, F. Puss, all of them happy and a fire in the fireplace, I said to my wife, “You know, Gertrude is nice anyway.” “Of course, Tatie.” “But she does talk a lot of rot sometimes.” “I never hear her,” my wife said. “I’m a wife. It’s her friend that talks to me.” ‘Kay Not only a clear rejection by Hemingway of the lost generation concept, but a revealing glimpse chez Hemingway. Does anyone else think it’s odd that Hadley called her husband “Tatie?” Tatie is English slang for potato, but in French, it means auntie. I’ll just say, I’m glad Dena doesn’t call me ‘Auntie.” There’s plenty to get into in Sun. We’ll pick it up next time. Till then. #TheSunAlsoRises #ErnestHemingway #AlanBray

As described last time, Mavis Gallant’s Forain begins with the funeral of Adam Tremski, an eastern European author whose writing Blaise Forain has published. And it’s clear right away that Forain has organized the event. We can assume that this story has some meaning, that it is planned, not random. One thing that stands out, that may provide a clue to the story’s meaning, is the quantity of oppositions that can be found. In the first sentence, we have snow opposed to rain—an opposition not terribly significant in itself but that foreshadows what is to come. The big opposition as I see it, is between Forain and Adam Tremski. Tremski is shown to have been a rather self-centered person, perhaps irresponsible, who invites caretaking by others, certainly his wife, Barbara, but most definitely Forain. “A new desire to sort out the past, put its artifacts in order, had occupied Tremski’s conversation on his wedding day. His friends had soon grown bored, although his wife seemed to be listening. Tremski, married at last, was off on an oblique course, preaching the need for discipline and a thought-out future. It didn’t last.” “He (Forain) felt paternal, wise, rid of mistaken ideals. He would become Tremski’s guide and father. He thought, (of Barbara), this is the sort of woman I should have married—although most probably he never should have married anyone.” Forain enables Tremski’s eccentric behavior. He loans him money, he publishes his obscure writing, during the publishing process, he makes excuses for Tremski’s delays and difficulties. Most significantly, he assists in the funeral arrangements for, first Barbara, and then for Tremski himself. Perhaps, it could be said that the two characters need each other, that they have a symbiotic relationship of “user/enabler.” Prrhps. There are other oppositions, enough to make one conclude their appearance is intentional. Cartesian order/Slavic frenzy – this is mentioned early on and is related to Forain enabling Tremski’s chaos. Exile/Native – we discussed this one last time. It is central in the story, the idea of non-Parisians living in Paris and struggling to hold onto their culture. Jewish/Christian – Tremski was Jewish, Forain is not. This distinction is related to the exile/native one, and there is considerable blurring of these boundaries—Tremski is Jewish, yet his funeral is in a Catholic church. Daughter/absent daughter – Tremski has a stepdaughter, Halina; Forain has a daughter he doesn’t see who is being raised by his ex-wife. His daughter is absent, just as Halina’s biological father is absent (dead). Life/Death – And this leads us to the following opposition: Tremski is absent in the present of the story although very present through Forain’s recollections. Forain is present throughout. It’s of note that, although Tremski and Forain have many opposite characteristics, the end of the story involves Forain being shown to act like Tremski. In a scene involving a cab ride, Forain acts in an unconventional way, breaking the rules of hailing a cab and taking advantage of the driver—an emigrant, “probably Portuguese”—by stiffing him on the fare.”Forain could not decide what to do about the tip, whether to give the man something extra…In the end, he made a Tremski-like gesture, waving aside change that must have amounted to 35% of the fare…It was not until after the man had driven away that Forain saw he had not included the tip in the total sum. No Tremski flourish was ever likely to carry a reward. That was another lesson of the day.” So, after Forain loses Tremski, on the way from the funeral, he makes an attempt at behaving like his old friend. The narrator states it was a lesson learned—maybe by Forain, we don’t know. Then, at the very end—a year later—Forain is publishing one of Tremski’s novels posthumously. The last chapter had been left unfinished, and Forain finishes it, “knitted up from fragments he had left trailing.” In effect, he creates two final chapters and decides to publish both. “The new girl, (a secretary) gifted in languages, compared the two versions and said he (Tremski) would have approved, and when Forain showed a moment of doubt and hesitation she was able to remind him how, in the long run, Tremski had never known what he wanted.” Thus, their relationship is brought back to its original dynamic of Forain helping Tremski. Is the story about Forain or Tremski? Both, I think but it is all about blurring boundaries and grieving the loss of a (sometimes bad) friend. Very well, best beloved, Next week, we’ll examine a new story, Ernest Hemingway’s “The Sun Also Rises.” Till then. #Forain #MavisGallant #AlanBray